(The answer is relatively long, you will have an unprecedented gain after reading it carefully.)
1. There is no “science” without the characteristics of oriental culture.
What is science?We always think of “what is technology.”When the Chinese understand science, it is natural to go around the question of “what is science”.
The question of “what is science” has never entered our vision. For example, I asked you: What is we studying science for?Most of the answers are: in order to save the country, to promote the country for science and education, to build our country into a large country that stands in the forest of the world, and to improve the living standards of our people …
In fact, these answers are “what can learning technology do?” As for“What is science itself”This problem is blank.
“What is science?” He once communicated with a academician. He said: Most people may feel what science is, but 99%of people are unclear.
For the Chinese, correctly understanding science is particularly important, and there are two reasons:
First, science is not a native of Chinese culture. It is the concept of introducing the West.Therefore, the Chinese people’s understanding of science will inevitably bring traces of its own traditional culture. The impact of this traditional cultural traces may deviate from the understanding of the science itself.
Second, the Chinese understanding of science is subject to the opportunity to introduce Western science.During the closing time, the missionary came to China to bring western science, but we only used it as a fun thing, and later found that it was not very fun.Once the Western studies gradually ended without disease.
After the second western school, after the Opium War, the “Shi Yi Signs” was forced to learn the West.The earliest batch of people studying Western studies went to learn shipbuilding, guns, and guns, but found that the technology of making optical manufacturing was not enough, and it was necessary to learn what it was behind it.what?that isscience——The natural laws that support the accurate operation of guns and guns.
One of the consequences brought to us in such a historical encounter is that China has a long -term “science” and “technical”.It is easy to say that science is easy to say.Although “science” and “technology” often appear at the same time, they are actually two codes. “Technology” in English is two words “Science and Technology”.
“Science” and “Technology” are really not very distinguished.For example, there is a new problem, “science” is more focused onexploreProcess of the problem; Once the solution is explored, the process of solving the problem is not “science”, but “technology”.
Scientific focus on thinking, technology focusing on.Although the connection is close, it is different.The reason why Newton, Einstein, and Maxwell are great because their brains have made extraordinary thinking. The natural laws they explained have been operated millions of times in our ordinary people.The most powerful power of human beings is the power of thinking.
When we talk about science, we think of productivity, what role is it, can we help us resist the invasion of foreign enemies, and can it help us solve the major problems of national economy and people’s livelihood.In fact, these problems were not solved by “science”, but “technology” solved. I have to admire Grandpa Deng. His “science and technology is the first productivity” description is quite accurate.
2. Origin of scientific spirit
There are two sources of western science. The first is the interpretation science created by the Greeks with the Eurasian “Geometry Original”; the second is the experimental spirit of the Renaissance.
—— Einstein
There are two scientific spirit, one is the spirit of interpretation, and the other is an experimental spirit.The spirit of interpretation can be said to be the core of science. Understanding the origin of the interpretation spirit can understand why science originated in the West.
The emergence of science is a very unique development in human civilization. In all ethnic groups in the world, no matter how long history, no matter how powerful the country’s strength is, there is no science in interpretation.Interpretation science is the unique creation of the Greek people.Why does interpretation science appear in Greece, what is interpretation science, and why the spirit of interpretation has become the longest and far -reaching source of science spirit?
Aristotle talked about the three types of knowledge in the opening article of “Sacrifice to School”. The first type of knowledge is experience. Animals have experience, but experience cannot be passed on.
The second type of knowledge is called skills or technology. This type of knowledge is a bit similar to the theoretical knowledge in the minds of the Chinese people, which can learn and inherit.
However, Aristotle said that these two types of knowledge are not real science. He put forward the third type of knowledge called “science”.What does this kind of knowledge mean?The author summarizes the two characteristics:Beyond utilitarian, internal learning.
The first feature -beyond utilitarian
Scientific knowledge must be useless, because the useless knowledge exists for itself, and the useful knowledge is to serve other purposes, not for themselves. Shogers learn to make shoes to sell shoes to sell money to sell money., Not to learn that knowledge itself.
For example, the research of the Greek’s cone curve was useless at the time, because the ellipse, parabolic lines, and the bilateral were not seen at the time.However, the parabolic movement discovered by Galileo later was a parabolic. Cairfler found that the orbit of the planet movement was an ellipse …
What does this work indicate?Greek’s great exploration does not focus on ready -made utilitarian effects, but it has affected things after thousands of years. Isn’t it a prominent manifestation of human great spirit?Therefore, the core of the Greeks announced that the scientific spirit is that it is not utilitarian and useless.Of course not it is useless in the end, but saidIt generates motivation is useless.
In the East, I have never heard of someone who has learned a lifetime of knowledge but does not need to.The highest knowledge exists for its own purpose, and it consumes yourself.Unexpected science is free science.
Since it is super utilitarian, how does it happen?
This will mention Greek scienceThe second feature -internal sex.
The definition of philosophical rationality is that the ability to launch another real proposition from one real proposition is called rationality.
There are several very typical disciplines in Greek science, one is mathematics, the other is philosophy, and the other is logic.Greek science is not utilitarian. The reason why it is caused by people think of the problem itself, legislate for themselves, and discover the laws of things itself.In other words, science always likes to talk nonsense.The most common formal logic three paragraphs: big prerequisites, small prerequisites, and conclusions.Big premise: Everyone will die. Small premise: Socrates is a human. Conclusion: Socrates will die.
This seems to have no meaning, no information.why?Because the conclusions are contained in the premise.What does it mean?What I want to say has been included in advance, so it is among myself. This kind of knowledge is for my own knowledge.In terms of Harvard University’s school motto, “Veritas”.
The reason why rationality becomes rational is that it is the truth reasoning for truth. The reason for this preservation reasoning is that this reasoning with its own concept is that the conclusion is included in this premise.But,How can logical knowledge make people have new gains?
If you read “Geometry Original”, you will find that its axioms and public facilities are often nonsense.Why can many things that can be exported from “nonsense”?
For example, a line can be used between two points. In our perspective of Chinese artisans with extremely experienced experience, isn’t this nonsense?The equal amount is equal to the equivalent. This is a very famous public and nonsense. Therefore, the Chinese people often feel that these people are full.
However, under the premise of these nonsense, many things we think are not nonsense.For example, the parallel line can be derived: the inner corner of the plane triangle and the constant is equal to 180 degrees.
It seems a bit new. Before that, we Chinese would use the amount of angle in a quantity, and the amount of 10,000 triangle internal angles was equal to 180 degrees, but it cannot be said that all the triangle inner angles and the equal to 180 degrees.
This is the famous induction problem. You see 10,000 swans white, and you can’t say that all the swans are white. You may see that 10,0001 is a black swan.soExperience cannot launch the full name proposition. The full name proposition can only be launched from the full name proposition. It has been traced forward, and it is recognized by people -axioms.
To this day, most of us should feel that logic is the most important.The most powerful power of logical thinking is that you can help you touch the place where normal means cannot be reached directly.For example, you can’t measure the inner angle and the inner angle of all triangles.
If you think about it, there is a real proposition that has a real proposition. In fact, it is nonsense, but you haven’t talked about it before. No one has discovered it before, but it has existed in itself, soThe process of scientific development is to constantly discover the process that predecessors have not spoken.
The Greeks see the truth as absolutely.We Chinese do not have this habit.We believe that the reason is relative.
Pythagoras learned that someone accidentally found that the oblique edge of a waist -shaped straight corner is not numbers, it is √2, he can prove √2 cannot reach the proportion of any two natural numbers.When he announced this idea to his companions, they were playing at the sea, and the people present did not admit it; but after repeated verification, he was found that he was right, and the people present were distressed.
In the attitude of Oriental culture, √2 is not a number, it doesn’t matter, it does not affect eating and drinking, nor does it affect normal life.But in terms of the Greeks, they are very scared, depressed, and incomprehensible. How can there always be a decimal decimal that will never be written and not circulating?This is no sense, what should I do?There was no way, it was said that the discoverer was then drowned in the sea.
Later, more and more unreasonable numbers were discovered. Shi called the first math crisis. This mathematical crisis led to a consequences that arithmetic began to decline and geometry began to rise.The “Geometry Originally” by Ou Jili has been circulated to this day. These are one of the two classics of Western civilization.
“Geometry Originally” represents the Greek civilization, which represents the “two gratitude” civilization, and another civilization is the Hebrew civilization represented by the Bible.It is said that after printing, the printing volume and the number of versions are the second one is “Geometry Original”, and the first is of course “Bible”.
We started to learn geometry in middle school, but this geometric science neither measures earthwork nor calculates any area and volume, let us prove, so many peopleThe most annoying mathematical problem in student days is the proof questionYou gave me the conclusions. Isn’t that the obviously established?Why do you have so many nonsense.
In the eyes of Chinese people, you have solved the problem to have a learning performance. The answer is clearly placed here. Now you have proved that it is as if nothing is done.
The spirit of the so -called geometric learning is the spirit of internal nature, that is, to launch itself, which is a strict and certain way of thinking.Learning geometric learning is not what we simply say in order to make us more accurate computing and make us use better in the future. Instead, we first establish a spirit of rationality.This spirit of rationality is the spirit of legislation for yourself, opening the road for yourself, and discovering the essence of things.
Geometric studies were neither liberal arts nor science during the Greek period. A sign was hung at the entrance of Plato Academy: Scholars who do not understand geometric scholars must not enter.Learning a moral education lesson for geometry is the starting point of being a person.Science was born in ancient Greece, and the spirit of geometric science runs through the humanistic spirit of the entire Greece.
Unseelance and internality are the two characteristics of scientific knowledge.
3. Why is science not produced in the East
There are many places that can be used in ancient China in ancient China. In addition to carpenter blacksmith, the most representative is astronomy.Comparing the differences between Eastern and Western astronomy, you can feel why science is not produced in the East.
In ancient China, there were extremely developed astronomy, but the motivation, goals, and methods of our astronomy were completely different from Greek astronomy.In a sense of our astronomy, it is a detailed record about the elephant elephant, coupled with the subjective explanation.
Our emperor is known as the “emperor”. The earliest emperors in ancient times. The great achievements they recorded in historical books were not their military affairs, but they created the observatory.However, the Observatory of China and the Western Observatory are not the same. The Chinese people are actually seeing people, and the heaven and man are united.
Chinese astronomy has been particularly valued by the emperor. The royal family has always been recorded in the royal family, which has accumulated rich astronomical historical materials.It is meaningful to cross a certain constellation,When to send troops to fight, when to pray for wind and rain, and when to avoid disasters, they need to see the sky. Astronomy can help the emperor to rule the society.
People also need astronomy, such as grasping the spring and autumn harvest according to the 24 solar terms, see the old emperor calendar every day, understand what is suitable for today, what is not suitable for doing, marriage, marriage, travel, and burial all depends on the sky.The economy and astronomy are the most suitable.
Chinese astronomy plays the role of daily ethics, which has nothing to do with geometry.Its functions, goals, and methods are all to serve the affairs of the world. It does not care about who the sun and the earth are turning around, nor whether it is round or ellipse.In the cognition of Oriental culture, Tianhe people are blended and communicated with each other. This is the characteristic of Chinese astronomy.
Greek astronomy is very different. Greek astronomy is rooted in the special understanding of the Greeks for the sky.The Greeks believe that the sky is very clean, and there is no exercise in the sky. The only exercise is that all the stars do a circle around the earth every day, so the most noble movement in the sky is the uniform circular motion; the movement on the ground is straight movement, and linear movement is straight.Almost.
The Greeks believe that the peripheral movement is the most natural movement, and there is no reason.(There is a “axiom” meaning.) Of course, in the time and space of Einstein, the uniformity and uniform straight line motion are unified in the time and space of Einstein.
But unfortunately, the stars in the sky are not all such rules.Seven celestial bodies are not simply moving around the earth at a uniform speed. These seven stars are the sun, moon, wood, water and fire.
Western astronomy has long discovered that during the winter solstice and summer solstice, the speed of the sun is different.The moon is even more like this, and the moon is sometimes small.Jinmu, water, fire and soil are even more outrageous. Not only are the speed uneven, the time is large, and sometimes even the direction will change and will retrograde.
Like the original discovery √2, the objective and rational Greeks blinded againIt was given a name for seven stars, Planet, which means “things that are turning” in Greek.
Our Oriental people don’t have this idea, and we think that it is a thing of heaven to go, and we only need to act according to the will of heaven.However, the Greeks believe that there must be an inner logic in the sky, and it cannot be chaotic. This logic is a uniform circular motion.
So seven planets became the pain of Greek scholars.You know that when you found √2, you died. Now the crisis is here again. What should I do?Plato asked his students in the college and said: You must save the phenomenon, because the performance of the seven planets does not look like a celestial body, so we have to save it.How to save it?It is necessary to save it in a rational way, and explain it on the surface that it looks irregular as a rule.
There is a nameOdocksStudent, he proposed to solve the idea: Each planet is doing a uniform circular weekly movement, but each planet is not just one.The movement of the movement has become the phenomenon of chaos we see.Odox also became the pioneer of Greek astronomy.
While explaining natural laws in a rational way, human thinking ability has been greatly improved.The superimposed mode of the uniform speed motion to simulate the irregular movement on the surface of the planet, which is an extremely important scientific paradigm.
The students of the science science know that we are scientific, but we are on the surface, and the phenomenon of the general and diverse and complex phenomena on the surface is to a few stable and unchanged laws, so science must first learn superimposed thinking.Today, there is a mathematical tool called Fourier transformation. If you understand the Fourier transformation, you understand the basic paradigm since Greek astronomy.
The spirit of science always has the spirit of its own legislation. What pays attention to is objective. This tradition has never been broken. The story of this saving phenomenon is continuously staged in Western science. For example, a large number of scientists later sacrificed the purity of the universe space.There must be a “Ether” to explain the spread of light; for example, Mr. Planck’s stress told the world that “the universe created by God is discontinuous”, and successfully explained the black body radiation.
It is because people care about “truth”, and Westerners firmly believeThe truth cannot be broken, and the will not be shifted by the will of peopleThey will kill those who try to modify the truth.When the old and new “truths” are replaced, many people often make sacrifices, such as people who discover √2, such as those who defend the “sun heart”.
Harvard University in the world set the school motto as “Veritas” (Latin: truth). Those who study here are based on promoting human civilization.
The Greek astronomy defaults the inner logic that the celestial body must follow, andChinese astronomy does not have such requirements.Chinese astronomy also predicts daily food,Ancient Chinese daily eclipse is considered a warning to the emperor, So the emperor attaches great importance to it. In case of Japanese full food, we will hold etiquette to save the sun.Chinese astronomers have always been more flexible to predict this matter. What should I do if the prediction is not allowed?That is the crime of bullying the monarch, and it is to kill.
Such things happened in the Tang Dynasty. A group of astronomers predicted that there was a day full -food this afternoon. The emperor was very nervous and quickly held the ceremony. As a result, he found that there was no sundial eclipse that afternoon.Home should review.But no, astronomers are very happy, and quickly play the emperor: Congratulations to the emperor’s great virtue, moved to the sky, and let our sun go.Today, we feel that we are joking, but at the time everyone believed this. The emperor himself really felt that he was great and forgive him.
There is a lack of a concept of objective natural world that does not take human will as a transfer of human will.The concept of Western nature is the direct product of the scientific spirit. Naturally, it operates according to its own logic. In today’s words, it is called not to transfer people’s will, so science is also called natural science.
East also has “nature”, such as Lao Tzu’s “Taoism Nature”. UnfortunatelyThings, Tao is just imitating yourself.
China does not have the concept of nature, because China’s “heaven and earth people” feel like each other. If people are great enough, they can move to heaven. Too many people will be condemned.
In fact, the thoughts of “Tao” and “inaction” in the philosophy of Laozhuang are close to scientific thinking, trying to think about the inner laws of things itself. LaterSurvival, astronomy has become a toy that cater to the emperor and the merit.
The king once asked Oujili: “Is there any shortcut to learn geometry?” Ou Jili replied: “Ah, my dear Majesty, learning geometry and learning any science.Learn geometric learning, everyone has to think about it, just as farmers do not have a lot of crops, there will be no harvest.
In the East, if someone answered like this, I am afraid that it would be killed.
Natural invention can only be the product of Greek rational science. If it is pursued, nature, science, rationality, and truth are the same meaning.
Speaking so much,Where is the origin of the scientific spirit?Freedom, freedom is the most fundamental spirit of Greek science.
